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This program is not science fiction.

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It is a report on science's very real search today for the existence of life on other worlds.

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A search by microscope examining the smallest particles of matter in nature,

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by telescope viewing the largest objects in space, a probe into distant galaxies and star clusters,

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looking with the enormous eyes of the optical telescopes,

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and listening with the electronic ears of the radio telescope for signals from outer space.

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And eventually this search will be carried on by man himself through interplanetary travel.

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The elements that exist here on Earth and the chemistry of our world are the same as on the most distant star.

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If the atom, one of the smallest particles of matter, and the galaxy, the largest mass in the visible universe,

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are governed by the same physical laws, then life might well have evolved from the hydrogen atom in space.

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It has continued to the development of the human brain and may have repeated a similar process

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unnumbered times in the hundreds of billions of worlds abounding in the cosmos,

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making the probability great that intelligent creatures beside Earthman, people the universe.

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On just the beginning of this search for life on other planets, the American taxpayer is spending $2 billion in probes of Mars alone.

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Nobel Prize winning scientist Dr. Harold Urie says of the cost of the space program,

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some people say that we can't afford this space program, but I say the Greeks couldn't afford the popular,

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and the Egyptians couldn't afford the pyramids, and middle ages couldn't afford the great cathedral of Europe.

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You could have always spent this money, as they say, for something else, but you know we can't afford this space program.

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They wouldn't have proved that life existed on Mars or ever did exist on Mars.

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In my opinion it would be one of the most horrendous discoveries of this century.

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We are not alone.

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The F. Goodrich.

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The straight talk tire people.

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Here now, your narrator, Edward P. Morgan.

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The fixed stars in our firmament have, through the ages, given man a feeling of security.

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We have always wanted to believe that we have our feet firmly planted on a solid earth

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with a protective heaven above.

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But science has continually whittled away at this idea.

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For some time, we have known that our earth, in reality,

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is only a changing ball of rock and soil, water and air,

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held together by a tenuous gravity, spinning and whirling in space around our sun.

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And even as a planet, we are not very special,

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being only one of nine in orbit around the mother sun.

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Our sun itself, a star and only a small middle-aged one as stars go,

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is a kind of lost child on the outskirts of its galaxy,

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which we can see in the sky as the Milky Way.

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It is only one of hundreds of billions of stars in our galaxy,

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which is only one of hundreds of billions of galaxies,

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all of which are in constant motion.

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If we are not unchanging in space, neither are we eternal in time.

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Our sun, five billion years old, will, in another five billion years or so,

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burn itself out and in doing so, expand and absorb all its planets

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as countless other stars have done before.

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Our sun's only real distinction that we know of thus far

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is that it has people whirling around it.

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The question is, might this have happened elsewhere in the universe

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or are we alone?

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It was recently discovered that stars and gases in space

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emit natural radio waves, which can be picked up and amplified by radio telescopes.

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The John Groll Bank radio telescope in England,

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the Green Bank radio telescope in West Virginia,

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and this one at RSC Bow in Puerto Rico, can be called man's largest ears.

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The bowl of the telescope, a thousand feet across,

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made of half-inch wire mesh, acts as a reflector,

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able to focus even extremely weak radio signals from space.

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In searching for life on other worlds,

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the theory is that intelligent civilizations in the universe

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would use natural radio frequencies as a means of communicating with one another.

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By listening to signals from interstellar space,

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intelligent codes could be distinguished from the patterns of natural radio waves.

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Radio astronomer of Cornell University and director of the RSC Bow Ionospheric Observatory,

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Dr. Frank Drake, conducted Project OSMA,

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the first search for intelligent life in space by radio telescope.

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Ten years ago it was suggested by Professors Morrison and Keconi at Cornell

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that there might be other civilizations in space attempting to send us messages.

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We use very sensitive and ingenious detecting devices

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to search for intelligent signals amongst static which comes to us from the interstellar space.

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By 1960 we made a short search for such signals.

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With existing telescopes such as the 85-foot telescope at Greenbank,

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using the 21-centimeter line frequency,

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there was time in fact to look at only two stars,

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the ones we picked of course were the two nearest stars which are like the sun.

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The star is Tarsidi and the constellation of Cetus-Bewale

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and epsilon-arythmi in the constellation of Arithmus.

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We found no evidence for extraterrestrial intelligence signals.

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But now we must realize that this was an extremely limited search

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and the fact that we found nothing should not discourage us

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or cause us to think that any future search is going to fail.

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One can estimate that a search which has a good chance of succeeding

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will take perhaps 30 years.

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But if one is going to make a realistic search, this is what is required

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and anything less than this is really not with the effort because the chance of success is so small.

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Surely the results of the construction of extraterrestrial signals

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are going to be one of the most exciting things that ever happened.

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While some scientists in the discipline of astronomy

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press the search for intelligent life in the distant stellar regions

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beyond our solar system with the big ears and eyes of the radio and optical telescopes,

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some, perhaps more down-to-earth investigators,

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feel they would be making an historic discovery by a less ambitious find.

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These men are called exobiologists.

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They are looking for microbiologic forms of life,

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lesser than intelligent man, and perhaps higher than the lowly virus,

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something between the organic molecule and the bacteria that might have evolved outside the Earth.

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The most likely candidates for such a search are the planets Mars and Venus,

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Earth's nearest neighbors in the solar system.

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The Mariner spacecraft has been our principal vehicle for unmanned planetary exploration.

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The planetary program is carried out by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory,

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operated by the California Institute of Technology,

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for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

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Dr. William H. Pickering is the director.

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Mars and Venus were both of the closest planets to the Earth.

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In some ways we know more about Mars than we do about Venus,

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because Venus is always covered with clouds.

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We do not believe we have ever seen down to the surface of Venus.

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That is with the telescope from the Earth.

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Whereas in the case of Mars, we usually see the surface of Mars.

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And Mars, on the other hand, is a planet which astronomers for many years have compared with the Earth.

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The size is a little smaller than the Earth.

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It happens that the day on Mars is almost exactly the same length as the day on the Earth.

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The year is about twice as long as the year on the Earth.

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The seasons change in the same manner that they do on the Earth.

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In other words, the spin axis of Mars is tilted,

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not the same way that the axis of the Earth is tilted.

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All of this has led astronomers to compare Mars with the Earth in many ways.

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And of course one comparison which one must always make is

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what about life? Is Mars a suitable planet for life as we know it?

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It is feasible.

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And what we know about life on Earth, life could exist on Mars.

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Dr. Richard S. Young, Chief of the Exobiology Division of NASA's Ames Research Center.

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Life on Earth probably arose as a result of a very natural sequence of events.

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We think we know what the primitive atmosphere of the Earth was like before there was any life on the Earth.

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We think we know what types of energies were available on the primitive Earth before there was any life on Earth.

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The biological evolution took over and the atmosphere was changed rather drastically

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until we have the sort of atmosphere we have on the Earth today

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and we have the tremendous diversity of life that we have today.

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A subsequent result over the next, say, 3 billion years of biological evolution.

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In fact, then, just about any primitive planet during its early history

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should have undergone a similar sequence of events.

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They were formed obeying the same laws of physics and chemistry.

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They should have had the same type of primitive atmosphere.

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They probably underwent chemical evolution much the same way the Earth did.

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Now, what we need is proof of that.

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If we can find life on one planet, say Mars,

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then it is very probable that elsewhere within our own galaxy

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there must certainly be planets comparable to Earth with life forms comparable to Earth.

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The optical telescope has been the principal tool of astronomers

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for studying the stars and the planets from the days of Galileo centuries ago.

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The 200-inch mirror in the Palomar Observatory Telescope in California

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can be called man's largest eye.

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It can bring into view the farthest observable objects in the universe,

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called quasars, points of light believed to be billions of light years away

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and moving away from us at incredible speeds.

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Another kind of telescope is the 26-inch refractor or direct-view telescope

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like this one at the United States Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C.

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To find planets comparable to Earth revolving around stars comparable to our sun,

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Dr. Kai Strand, scientific director of the Observatory

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and his former colleague Dr. Peter Vandekamp of Swarthmore College

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used a telescope of this type.

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They wanted to verify the argument that planets are abundant in the universe.

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In 1963, Vandekamp announced the discovery of a planet orbiting a neighboring star,

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the first planet ever to be detected beyond our solar system,

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although it has never been directly seen.

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What does that mean by seen?

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Harvard astronomer Carl Sagan explains how the existence of this planet was deduced.

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The second nearest star system after the sound is called Barnard's star

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named after an American astronomer, E.E. Barnard.

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And the motion of this star, of course, the star is not a more or less uniform line

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on the background stars as you might expect when it oscillates.

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And the weirdly-path is due to the presence of a dark companion.

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We don't see the dark companion, but we can quite reliably induce its presence

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from the moving motion of this star.

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Let's suppose this is Jupiter and this is the sun,

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and the two of them are moving, of course, to a space together.

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However, Jupiter is also going around the sun.

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Jupiter is on this side of the sun, its gravitational attraction moves a little bit that way.

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What is on the other side of the sun? It moves a little bit that way.

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And so, as the sun goes from space, it has, in addition to its ordinary motion that way,

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it has a fan up and down wiggle due to the motion of the invisible Jupiter.

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And so the wiggle tells you the presence of Jupiter, and not only that,

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it tells you its mass and it tells you how far away it is.

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If the existence of planetary systems around stars other than our own sun

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is a scientifically established fact, and if, as we know,

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there are hundreds of billions of such suns in our own galaxy alone,

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some leading astronomers dedicated to the idea that life does exist elsewhere

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have calculated the possible number of stars whose energy might support life.

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Astronomer Dr. Harlow Shatley, director emeritus of Harvard College Observatory,

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who first measured the size of our galaxy, now retired to his New Hampshire farm,

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discusses cosmic matters with two young friends, Georgia and Emily Huffley.

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Hi, Star-Lady.

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The whole sky, how many stars are there?

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You can see a thousand stars, and you go out some here, dark night, a thousand stars,

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make a die star as we call them, but if we put a telescope into action,

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we get deeper and deeper into space, and the further out we go, Emily,

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the more stars we find.

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And so now, how many stars are there?

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Well, I've measured these galaxies and these stars, and these shooting stars and so forth,

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and you know what I find out?

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That there are just billions of these galaxies.

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Now, billions, you know what the billion is, it's a thousand billion.

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Well, there are more than a thousand million of these galaxies in the sky,

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and each galaxy has more than ten thousand million stars, and so is just lots of stars in the sky.

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I'll give you the number of future I remember.

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The number of stars is more than a hundred thousand million billion.

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Stars are not for everybody, see if you want some stars, you have a lot of them.

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I don't know where is anybody living on those stars.

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I'm not on the stars, you can't live on the stars, you can't live on the sun.

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Oh, a planet.

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Yes, it's too hot, that's it.

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That's too hot.

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But planets, yes you can live on it, that is here on this planet we can.

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Do you know where we have the planet, where we might have to fly a life?

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No, you have to hear Mars.

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The planet Mars, that might have some life on it.

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It might have, we'll have to give more and more observations, and then we'll come out.

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My guess is that there are more than a hundred million planets that have living things on them.

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By living, I mean like trees and grass and people of that kind.

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I think at least that many, and I'm a very conservative person.

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Like how these wheelshapes are known, it's flattened like this, but has a big center,

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and it has that hundred thousand million stars, it's got it all the way through it.

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It's rotating too, you've measured that, it's turning around.

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It's a long time it's turning around.

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I'll tell you how long, it'll take about two hundred million years to make one complete turn around in our galaxy.

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From where we are.

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Any other questions?

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How are the planets formed?

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Oh, how are planets formed?

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Oh, that's a hard job.

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But I'll tell you, we think that once before, long ago, long, long ago there's a whole lot of dust and gas in space.

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And it contracted, it came together, and it's harder and harder, it came together,

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and it left off some chunks that went floating around, and those were the things that became planets.

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So we had the Sun, you see, built out of a shrinking nebula, we call it.

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Other than shrinking nebula is Sun, and it threw off these particular little chunks,

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little compared with the Sun, and those little chunks developed into being the planets.

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So we have the Earth, once was gaseous nebulosity, we call it, it once was gas, and it shrunk down, and now it's just hard.

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See how hard this is?

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We are not alone.

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We'll continue with science's search for life on Mars, and the exploration of life's origin on Earth,

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after this message from the B.F. Goodrich Company.

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If you have little feet, big feet, old feet, cold feet, casting feet, blasting feet,

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plastic feet, roll plastic feet, splashing feet, B.F. Goodrich is always coming up with innovations in footwear,

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innovations like the posture foundation wedge we build into the heels of sneakers,

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to take the strain off foot and leg muscles, innovations in cold weather boots,

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insulated to keep feet warm even at 25 below zero, innovations to protect women's clothes,

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and all kinds of fashion footwear.

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We make just the good fun of it.

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All from B.F. Goodrich, a company known for being pretty fat on its feet.

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You're again your narrator, Edward P. Morgan.

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If you were riding the nose cone of a rocket to the moon, this is what you would see as you approached the lunar surface for a landing.

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These pictures were made by television cameras in Ranger 9, the unmanned American picture taking expedition to the moon in March of 1965.

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Since then, thousands of spectacular close-up pictures of the moon's surface have been returned by Surveyor 1,

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which soft landed on the moon in June of 1966.

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Pictures from the probe of lunar orbiter in August of 1966 showed our planet as seen from the vicinity of the moon.

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This representation of the lunar landscape shows us what a man might see from the moon,

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a bright sun in a sky black as night due to the lack of light diffusion by an atmosphere,

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and the earth visible in the lunar night hanging in its black sky like an oversized moon itself.

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Surveyor 1 and lunar orbiter returned much valuable information,

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and they have also shown us what we have known the moon to be, a body without atmosphere, without water, without life.

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Not unlike the moon in some aspects is Earth's neighbor in the solar system, the planet Mars.

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When in July of 1965, the Mariner 4 spacecraft completed a successful Mars flyby

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after a journey of 8 months and 325 million miles passing within 6,500 miles of the planet,

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21 pictures of the Martian surface were returned to Earth, including one of the most remarkable scientific photographs of this age.

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Mariner's 11th picture of Mars. Many scientists felt that this picture settled once and for all the century-long controversy over Martian canals.

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In 1877, the Italian astronomer Giovanni Scaparelli claimed to have seen canals which he thought could be evidence for intelligent life on Mars.

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As late as 1908, the American astronomer Percival Lowell confirmed the sightings.

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The spacecraft Mariner was too far away in its flyby to be able to show decisively what exists on the Martian surface,

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but most scientists agree that if life does exist there, it will not be intelligent but of a very low order.

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Of course, the earliest astronomers saw canals and saw a lot of other things, but Dr. Richard Deon was Ames Research Center.

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We no longer think canals really exist on Mars. We think they're primarily optical illusions,

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and they're not something that the Martians constructed to transport water from the pole to the equator and keep the desert wet and all that sort of thing.

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Mars has, although it's a harsh environment by biological standards, Mars has an atmosphere,

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but it has a very rare atmosphere. The smaller planet has a lower gravitational field,

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and its atmosphere is probably something like 100 or perhaps even closer to 1,000 of the total pressure on the surface of the Earth.

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It also contains water. Life can't exist without water, but the fact that Mars has water is terribly significant.

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Now, unfortunately, from a biological point of view, the amount of water in the atmosphere of Mars is very slight.

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It's about 1 in 1,000 for the amount that one would detect in the Earth's atmosphere with a similar observation.

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There are other features of Mars that we're reasonably familiar with. Astronomers have been observing it for something approaching 100 years now,

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and they've known that there are light areas and there are dark areas. The dark areas are assumed to be, at least by the early astronomers,

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were assumed to be vegetation. The light areas were assumed to be desert.

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There are also pole caps on Mars, which have been shown to be water.

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However, although they're pretty extensive, the total amount of water in these pole caps is very slight, probably nothing more than a layer of frost.

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However, these pole caps do recede seasonally. In the spring, the pole cap recedes.

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At the same time, the pole cap is receding or disappearing, the dark areas are getting darker, implying, at least to the early astronomers,

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that, well, water is becoming available now from the pole caps and the vegetation in the dark areas is literally inhaling the water and disforshing during the spring.

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We really simply don't know enough about the intimate detail of the surface of Mars to critically analyze any of these visual phenomena,

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or we can do a speculate about them.

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And so far, the best of our speculations has failed to demonstrate that life on Mars must be ruled out.

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In fact, the best of what we know still leaves well within the range of possibility the idea that life may well exist on Mars,

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and would be well worth the search, if you will.

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I feel that in the 6th or extra direction, a live of the three approaches, one, first to the one that you named,

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to go to Mars and see whether there's life there.

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The other one, which Frank Drake has sometimes tried out, listening to radio communication from other species.

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The third one is the one that we are working on here, retracing the part by which life appeared.

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Dr. Cyril Panam Varuma, chemist at Ames Research Center, is searching for answers to extraterrestrial life

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by studying the chemical evolution of life on Earth.

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From the information we have today, we know that the Earth is one and a half billion years old.

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Let me put that down as one of our starting points.

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4.7 billion years is the exact date given.

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Life as we know it, or the first ever time in life, in the fossil record, is about 3 billion.

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Now, biology or the Darwinian theory takes over from here.

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You'll find the life evolving into a variety of organisms.

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We know that mammals are around 160 million, and then so on, become the evolution of man.

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Finally, what went on before this?

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From the time the Earth was formed, or even further back, from the time the solar system was formed?

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This can be described as the chemical evolution.

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We know that the solar system is about 5 billion.

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And then, if you go backwards in time, you'll come to the origin of the universe, which is greater than 10 billion.

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That's 13, so that's 20, but we know that it's definitely more than 10 billion years.

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Now, we have some starting points to go on.

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We know that 90% of the universe is hydrogen.

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So, the hydrogen, then, by the years of reaction, that you're in the birth of a star,

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gave rise to the other element of the periodic table, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and so on.

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In other words, you would have thermonuclear reactions taking place within a star.

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Well, the idea of chemical evolution, then, is the gradual evolution of hydrogen,

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the initial matter of the universe, to fuel the elements of the periodic table,

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to fuel the constituents of the early Earth atmosphere, the methane, ammonia, and water.

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Simple chemistry tells us that the carbon will be in the normal methane.

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The nitrogen will be in the form of ammonia, and the oxygen will be in the form of water.

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So, the early atmosphere of the planet would have been made up of methane, ammonia, and water.

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From here on, we visualize what happened, the atmosphere being asked to be formed by lightning,

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or water life from the sun, or heat, producing organic molecules,

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until the early oceans became something like a prime audio tube.

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So, from this primitive atmosphere, we are hoping to go to this stage

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when the two molecules that are important to doing things, the nucleic acid and the protein,

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will form first molecules capable of replication.

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So, the stepwise process appears to be a beautiful plan

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going all the way from the hydrogen atom to the time you get to the intelligent human being.

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So, it is a coherent story. It is something that appears to be the most logical.

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It is rational.

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So, the discovery of life on Mars to people studying the argument of life will be the greatest thing.

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As a matter of fact, in my mind, the search for extraterrestrial life is only part of it,

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the study of the origin of life. This is the scientifically broader question,

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the origin of life in the universe, and bring to Mars the unique opportunity that we have,

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perhaps the one only opportunity that we have of showing this great life on Mars,

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and especially if we can show that it is origin of different from the origin of life on Earth,

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or it is independent, then we will have a very hard thing on the description of uniqueness in life.

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New York Times Science Editor, Walter Sullivan, author of the book on which this program is based,

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raised this question with Nobel Prize-winning chemist Dr. Harold Urey.

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Dr. Urey, a lot of the discussion on the origin of life was down to the question

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whether there are other worlds, other solar systems.

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You believe there are. It is my belief that if you have conditions such as we have on the Earth,

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life will spontaneously appear. I don't know how long it takes, maybe a million years, maybe a billion years,

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but sometimes life as we know it will appear.

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Every indication is that the properties of the elements and the most distant stars that we look at

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are the same as those that we have on Earth.

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The physical universe is the same everywhere. That is our conclusion.

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The Lord is the same as far as we go, as we understand it.

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And this of course means that the chemistry of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen,

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the four abundant elements in living things, the chemical properties of these elements

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will be the same wherever we are in the universe.

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And therefore we expect that they will have the capacity to revolve into what we would call living organisms,

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no matter where we go. Now, we don't expect that they will be the same.

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Dr. Philip Morrison is Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

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The evolution of complex beings, certainly of man and of any other word of the word of the word,

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is a very chancey thing. You can show that there were many, many choices.

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They had to be made just to choose. This ends on that and that.

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And if it hadn't been that way, it wouldn't have been this way.

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So for that point of view, you look at the place you've come to, you say, well, it was impossible to get here.

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And they say, therefore, it will never happen again in the same way. That's the general view.

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I mean, I had to look at the, I guess, right? But if you look at the results, it's quite different.

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If I go down the museum across the park here, I can see very beautiful skeletons, impressions, soft-mole impressions,

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and even impressions of the fleshy part in the soft stone.

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From a beast, I'd forgotten his name.

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That's your son.

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Yeah.

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You're playing that's right. All right.

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Who is really reptile and was extinct some hundred and millions of years.

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Who swam in the ocean in an apological way as a marine reptile.

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And he looks for all the world like a large torpedo-shaped object about eight or ten feet long.

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Now then, you look at a tuna, a big tuna. He looks very similar.

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Not at all a reptile, but a fish. Quite a difference and really around more primitive objects.

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And finally, you may look at a dolphin with a mammal whose ancestors were in land, land, air-breathing, flowers, like ourselves.

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They themselves still breathe every two or three minutes comes up.

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But all of these beasts were beautifully adapted by flection, by many, many, many generations of careful-fetched, all kinds of genes,

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to be able to swim very well, make a living in the scale of eight to ten feet long by catching fat, fishing the sea.

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There are many, many paths you get to Central Park, but when you get there, you arrive at the same place.

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If you look at any path that you've taken, every turn, every street, you certainly can't predict where I start out exactly how I'll go.

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But I'm pretty sure what the end is going to be.

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Because that end is not a statuette and I persist when I'm there.

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Because there's any chance for a form to evolve on personal fire.

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I'm a very complex rich form of life. Let's go back.

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00:37:19,000 --> 00:37:28,000
Now, if this is true, if it seems reasonable to suppose that there's intelligence on many other planets, what will these photos look like?

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I don't know. I think that's more like us than one might believe, but less like us than the common run of what we would regard as human.

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In other words, I don't think there'll be 50-foot skeletal figures with long, towering, with long, wirey arms.

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I don't think there'll be round spheres of four inches diameter.

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That's simply for evolutionary reasons.

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Simply for evolutionary reasons. You've got to have a certain size, not too big, not too small.

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It's not big enough to have this complicated machinery on it. It can't be too small.

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It can't be too big or it's very hard to manage on a planet, but if anything like a chemical composition we're talking about.

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But as to inconsequential things, I don't know.

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Some people go for it. Some people say, yes, the number of fingers will not be five.

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It could be something like fingers. But I would be willing to believe there might be four, there might be eight, there might even be sixteen.

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But I don't think there'll be 500. I don't think there'll be one.

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We are not alone.

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We'll continue with the story of the race for planetary exploration and the UFO controversy.

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After this message from the B. F. Goodrich Company.

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Meet Jeffrey Masters, your career physicist.

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00:38:50,000 --> 00:38:54,000
When it comes to splitting atoms, nothing stops Jeffrey.

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00:38:54,000 --> 00:38:58,000
But when it comes to buying tires, everything does.

405
00:39:02,000 --> 00:39:05,000
Jeffrey is snowed by tire talks.

406
00:39:05,000 --> 00:39:10,000
Cross brace threads, four ply rayon, second line, third line, fourth line.

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00:39:10,000 --> 00:39:14,000
And faced with tire sizes and tire prices.

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00:39:14,000 --> 00:39:16,000
He draws a blank.

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00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:19,000
So Jeffrey has been sold some pretty peculiar tires.

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00:39:25,000 --> 00:39:30,000
Jeffrey, you know there's got to be an easier way to buy tires.

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00:39:30,000 --> 00:39:36,000
Come on over to B. F. Goodrich. We've got a brand new way of doing business. We call it straight talk.

412
00:39:37,000 --> 00:39:40,000
We know you don't know a lot of technical tire talk.

413
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But you know a lot about how you drive, right?

414
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Okay, take this. Our B. F. Goodrich tire value calculator.

415
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Come on, work it yourself. Tell us how you draw it.

416
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Now turn it over.

417
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It tells you what kind of B. F. Goodrich tire is best for you.

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You don't have to be confused anymore.

419
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You see just what you're getting, just what you're paying for.

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00:40:02,000 --> 00:40:06,000
Jeffrey, what do you think of B. F. Goodrich's straight talk?

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00:40:06,000 --> 00:40:09,000
And apparently speaking, I explicitly endorse you.

422
00:40:09,000 --> 00:40:12,000
Yeah, I know it's a lot, Jeff. Tell your friends.

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00:40:12,000 --> 00:40:18,000
B. F. Goodrich. The straight talk tire people.

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00:40:20,000 --> 00:40:24,000
Here again, ABC News Correspondent, Edward P. Morgan.

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Sometime in 1973, a spacecraft will take off from Earth.

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Its name will be Voyager.

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The Voyager, a new kind of space vehicle, will begin a trek to the planet Mars.

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The first of a series of missions that will eventually carry

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sophisticated life detection devices to the Martian surface.

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The success of a Voyager mission would be a scientific breakthrough

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in our unmanned planetary program.

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It will be our first attempt to soft land an instrument package on another planet.

433
00:41:16,000 --> 00:41:24,000
Looking beyond Voyager to 1977, 1979, and the 1980s,

434
00:41:24,000 --> 00:41:30,000
space engineers are already at the hard practical model stage

435
00:41:30,000 --> 00:41:36,000
of designing devices that are still emerging from the minds of scientific dreamers.

436
00:41:36,000 --> 00:41:40,000
One such device designed for a Mars life search

437
00:41:40,000 --> 00:41:46,000
is the automated biological laboratory called an ABL.

438
00:41:46,000 --> 00:41:53,000
One concept of it has been developed by the Aero Neutronic Division of the Philco Corporation.

439
00:41:53,000 --> 00:41:57,000
It would operate remotely and automatically on Mars,

440
00:41:57,000 --> 00:42:02,000
so says space research engineer William Hofstettler.

441
00:42:02,000 --> 00:42:06,000
Basically, there are several processes that can be performed.

442
00:42:06,000 --> 00:42:11,000
First, of course, you have to obtain physical samples of the surface of Mars,

443
00:42:11,000 --> 00:42:17,000
physical samples of the soil, because that's where the organisms will congregate

444
00:42:17,000 --> 00:42:19,000
if there are living organisms.

445
00:42:19,000 --> 00:42:25,000
I might comment, evidently, that we are concerned more with the lower forms of life,

446
00:42:25,000 --> 00:42:32,000
the molecular forms of life, rather than pelopons and horses and so forth.

447
00:42:32,000 --> 00:42:36,000
We are prepared to take pictures of these things if they happen to be there.

448
00:42:36,000 --> 00:42:41,000
The ABL is divided really into three basic integrated subsystems.

449
00:42:41,000 --> 00:42:46,000
One of these is the sampling subsystem that is used to obtain the surface samples

450
00:42:46,000 --> 00:42:49,000
from the soil sample from the surface of Mars.

451
00:42:49,000 --> 00:42:52,000
At the very bottom of the ABL, directly underneath,

452
00:42:52,000 --> 00:42:57,000
there is a system that uses a brush and vacuum system to obtain samples

453
00:42:57,000 --> 00:43:00,000
of the Martian surface directly under the ABL.

454
00:43:00,000 --> 00:43:05,000
Also, there is a core drill system that drills into the surface of our canopy

455
00:43:05,000 --> 00:43:11,000
to obtain subsurface samples, in case the water availability or other conditions

456
00:43:11,000 --> 00:43:17,000
make it more likely as a place for Martian biological life.

457
00:43:17,000 --> 00:43:23,000
A second system picks up samples around the ABL with the samplers you see here,

458
00:43:23,000 --> 00:43:27,000
which is located with our linking to the status of the main body,

459
00:43:27,000 --> 00:43:33,000
and will pick up samples generally around the ABL location.

460
00:43:33,000 --> 00:43:37,000
A third system is used for getting samples from a considerably further distance,

461
00:43:37,000 --> 00:43:43,000
and in particular selected areas that the visual survey system has pointed out

462
00:43:43,000 --> 00:43:48,000
as being particularly desirable because possibly they are warmer than the surrounding spots

463
00:43:48,000 --> 00:43:54,000
or they have a different appearance that might appear to be vegetation or something of that nature.

464
00:43:54,000 --> 00:44:01,000
So, a sampling line is deployed ballisticly, fired out like a small rocket,

465
00:44:01,000 --> 00:44:07,000
carrying this line to some distance up to possibly a thousand feet from the ABL location.

466
00:44:07,000 --> 00:44:12,000
A sampler, then similar to the one that works in the vicinity of the ABL,

467
00:44:12,000 --> 00:44:16,000
is carried up on an elevator latched onto a trolley on this line

468
00:44:16,000 --> 00:44:21,000
and deployed out to the desired spot to obtain the surface sample,

469
00:44:21,000 --> 00:44:26,000
returning and delivering it to the operating parts of the ABL.

470
00:44:26,000 --> 00:44:32,000
These samples are then processed and brought into the interior of the ABL

471
00:44:32,000 --> 00:44:36,000
for chemical processing prior to reading out the experiment.

472
00:44:36,000 --> 00:44:41,000
The chemical processing equipment is located generally in the central area of the ABL

473
00:44:41,000 --> 00:44:47,000
in the form of 13 chemical processes located to come French, we are on the central core.

474
00:44:47,000 --> 00:44:52,000
Certain supplies, water, certain gases are stored in tanks around the center of the ABL.

475
00:44:52,000 --> 00:44:58,000
Other chemical reagents are stored in ampules which hold individual quantities

476
00:44:58,000 --> 00:45:02,000
in this area that surrounds the processors.

477
00:45:02,000 --> 00:45:07,000
These ampules are put into cartridges like this

478
00:45:07,000 --> 00:45:12,000
so that they feed to the outer end and can be picked up by the processing,

479
00:45:12,000 --> 00:45:18,000
by the transport device which internally then moves them to the proper location

480
00:45:18,000 --> 00:45:20,000
to conduct chemical analysis.

481
00:45:20,000 --> 00:45:26,000
After the analysis is completed, the samples are then transferred to the instruments

482
00:45:26,000 --> 00:45:28,000
to read out the experiment results.

483
00:45:28,000 --> 00:45:31,000
The data from these are then processed internally

484
00:45:31,000 --> 00:45:35,000
and transmitted through the high-gain system back to Earth.

485
00:45:35,000 --> 00:45:40,000
If the scientific and engineering problems that must be solved to accomplish this feat

486
00:45:40,000 --> 00:45:46,000
are not overwhelming, the political obstacles may indeed be insurmountable.

487
00:45:46,000 --> 00:45:51,000
Congress will soon have to make the most important decision on space policy

488
00:45:51,000 --> 00:45:57,000
since President Kennedy first won approval to commit us to the Space Age.

489
00:45:57,000 --> 00:46:03,000
The future of planetary exploration will hinge on the outcome of congressional action

490
00:46:03,000 --> 00:46:09,000
that will begin with hearings now set for February 1967.

491
00:46:10,000 --> 00:46:18,000
Because of the need for long lead times, planning policy and funds must be committed now,

492
00:46:18,000 --> 00:46:22,000
not only for the Voyager program in 1973,

493
00:46:22,000 --> 00:46:29,000
but for the life detection missions to Mars and Venus to come in the next decade or two.

494
00:46:29,000 --> 00:46:35,000
Whether the Soviet Union has its equivalent of our Voyager ready to shoot for Mars or Venus

495
00:46:35,000 --> 00:46:37,000
is no longer in question.

496
00:46:37,000 --> 00:46:44,000
In Russia, cosmic expositions and public displays of space vehicles are commonplace.

497
00:46:44,000 --> 00:46:49,000
Interest in planetary exploration and the search for extraterrestrial life

498
00:46:49,000 --> 00:46:53,000
is at a high pitch among scientists and the public alike.

499
00:46:53,000 --> 00:47:00,000
If our race for space with the Soviet Union were to be judged by who will first land a man on the moon,

500
00:47:00,000 --> 00:47:05,000
the contest at this stage might be considered a dead heat.

501
00:47:05,000 --> 00:47:09,000
But if the second lap of this race is one of planetary discovery

502
00:47:09,000 --> 00:47:15,000
on which depends the exciting scientific trophies of the foreseeable future,

503
00:47:15,000 --> 00:47:19,000
then the United States is estimated far behind.

504
00:47:19,000 --> 00:47:27,000
Soviet cosmonauts, male and female, become the honored protégés of the state,

505
00:47:27,000 --> 00:47:31,000
symbols of Soviet communist achievement.

506
00:47:32,000 --> 00:47:38,000
Not so burdened by war costs, the Soviet budget, according to a recent analysis,

507
00:47:38,000 --> 00:47:45,000
has allocated to planetary exploration from five to ten times as much as the United States,

508
00:47:45,000 --> 00:47:51,000
and as a result, the great discoveries concerning our neighboring planets, Mars and Venus,

509
00:47:51,000 --> 00:47:57,000
will be made by the Russians unless early steps are taken to escalate the American effort.

510
00:47:58,000 --> 00:48:03,000
In the field of radio astronomy too, the Soviets have been more consistently searching

511
00:48:03,000 --> 00:48:11,000
for extraterrestrial signals and recently reported having observed beacons of an interstellar civilization.

512
00:48:11,000 --> 00:48:16,000
Although later observations by American scientists negated their claims,

513
00:48:16,000 --> 00:48:21,000
the Russians never completely revised their earlier contention.

514
00:48:21,000 --> 00:48:26,000
However, in the area of the extraterrestrial life search,

515
00:48:26,000 --> 00:48:32,000
they have held the door open to international cooperation, says astronomer Carl Sagan.

516
00:48:32,000 --> 00:48:40,000
They have made a recommendation that a worldwide international cooperation be established

517
00:48:40,000 --> 00:48:46,000
for a further growing search of large numbers of stars and galaxies

518
00:48:46,000 --> 00:48:51,000
to see if there is any intelligible radio communication being sent.

519
00:48:51,000 --> 00:48:59,000
And who knows if possible, if there is a collaborative effort like the established previous collaborative efforts,

520
00:48:59,000 --> 00:49:04,000
for example the I.G.Y. between the United States, Soviet Union and other countries,

521
00:49:04,000 --> 00:49:09,000
have been enormously productive scientifically and in fact in other ways.

522
00:49:09,000 --> 00:49:15,000
A persistent furor in the past few years is the one over the alleged sightings

523
00:49:15,000 --> 00:49:22,000
of flying saucers. The number of officially reported sightings of UFOs,

524
00:49:22,000 --> 00:49:30,000
unidentified flying objects, has risen from 399 in 1963 to more than 1500

525
00:49:30,000 --> 00:49:35,000
in the last 18 months according to U.S. Air Force figures.

526
00:49:35,000 --> 00:49:40,000
A cult of enthusiasts has developed, promoting the theory that these phenomena

527
00:49:40,000 --> 00:49:44,000
are visitations from intelligent beings in outer space.

528
00:49:44,000 --> 00:49:52,000
And according to a recent Gallup poll, about 5 million people have reported seeing UFOs over the years.

529
00:49:52,000 --> 00:49:58,000
Organizations with names like Flying Saucer News Club of America

530
00:49:58,000 --> 00:50:04,000
and National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena, which has doubled its membership

531
00:50:04,000 --> 00:50:11,000
of 5,000 in the last year and a half, have sprung up complete with annual conventions,

532
00:50:11,000 --> 00:50:17,000
recruiting drives and publicity bulletins arguing for acceptance of the idea

533
00:50:17,000 --> 00:50:24,000
that flying saucers must be dealt with as emissaries far out-diplomats from space.

534
00:50:24,000 --> 00:50:29,000
The scientific community, even though scientists committed to the belief

535
00:50:29,000 --> 00:50:34,000
that other intelligent life does exist somewhere in the cosmos,

536
00:50:34,000 --> 00:50:39,000
has greeted the flying saucer theory in the main with open skepticism.

537
00:50:39,000 --> 00:50:45,000
Physicist Dr. Philip Morrison of Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

538
00:50:45,000 --> 00:50:49,000
The social phenomena, the phenomena of journalism and television.

539
00:50:49,000 --> 00:50:53,000
If you look in the record newspapers, 100 to 120 years ago,

540
00:50:53,000 --> 00:50:57,000
exactly the same things were seen, exactly the same stories were given.

541
00:50:57,000 --> 00:51:02,000
They're much more frequent now. And what has happened is a infernal invention of the phrase,

542
00:51:02,000 --> 00:51:08,000
the flying saucer. However, most of the things they see are, as we all well know,

543
00:51:08,000 --> 00:51:12,000
planets and lights in the sky and aircraft and so on.

544
00:51:12,000 --> 00:51:17,000
And I think one of the most striking evidences, if I may exploit the subterraneanity,

545
00:51:17,000 --> 00:51:22,000
that we don't really have a deep spread of understanding and education in science

546
00:51:22,000 --> 00:51:26,000
is the fact that people are not able to cope with the phenomena they see

547
00:51:26,000 --> 00:51:29,000
in any other way than inventing what I agree is a possible theory,

548
00:51:29,000 --> 00:51:33,000
but a very much more improbable theory than most of the things it describes in fact.

549
00:51:33,000 --> 00:51:38,000
And I think there's a sneaking suspicion, also in the literature of the flying saucer,

550
00:51:38,000 --> 00:51:42,000
that this is just some terrestrial object of secret kind,

551
00:51:42,000 --> 00:51:46,000
which is surely another social phenomenon in response to the enormous importance

552
00:51:46,000 --> 00:51:49,000
given to secrecy and military preparations in secret,

553
00:51:49,000 --> 00:51:52,000
which is the characteristic feature of the last 20 or 30 years.

554
00:51:52,000 --> 00:51:55,000
And if you take these two things out of it, then you don't have a great deal left,

555
00:51:55,000 --> 00:52:00,000
except a lot of interesting phenomena seen by people, some of which are new and quite unexplained

556
00:52:00,000 --> 00:52:04,000
and would be nice to find out more about, but a great many of which are rather familiar things,

557
00:52:04,000 --> 00:52:06,000
the under-unfamiliarity.

558
00:52:06,000 --> 00:52:11,000
We are not alone. We'll continue with the religious and philosophical implications

559
00:52:11,000 --> 00:52:15,000
that would result from the discovery of life on other worlds

560
00:52:15,000 --> 00:52:18,000
after this message from the B.F. Goodrich Company.

561
00:52:18,000 --> 00:52:24,000
Music

562
00:52:24,000 --> 00:52:29,000
How come the typical American motorist puts off flying tires

563
00:52:29,000 --> 00:52:32,000
until they can't put it off any longer?

564
00:52:32,000 --> 00:52:34,000
Shhhhhh!

565
00:52:34,000 --> 00:52:39,000
Music

566
00:52:39,000 --> 00:52:44,000
Maybe it's because the typical American tire store is like a foreign country.

567
00:52:45,000 --> 00:52:49,000
Alone you were over the range of different languages.

568
00:52:49,000 --> 00:52:53,000
When you asked for help, you needed an interpreter to help you with the answers.

569
00:52:53,000 --> 00:52:56,000
And when you finally get the bill.

570
00:52:56,000 --> 00:52:59,000
Music

571
00:52:59,000 --> 00:53:02,000
Now you don't have to let tire buying get you down.

572
00:53:02,000 --> 00:53:04,000
Go see B.F. Goodrich.

573
00:53:04,000 --> 00:53:06,000
Music

574
00:53:06,000 --> 00:53:08,000
At B.F. Goodrich, we speak your language.

575
00:53:08,000 --> 00:53:10,000
Straight talk.

576
00:53:10,000 --> 00:53:15,000
If you don't understand that sports life for slime miracle trepidin,

577
00:53:15,000 --> 00:53:19,000
try this, the B.F. Goodrich Tire Value Calculator.

578
00:53:19,000 --> 00:53:22,000
It takes the confusion out of tire buying.

579
00:53:22,000 --> 00:53:25,000
You feed it the facts about how you drive.

580
00:53:25,000 --> 00:53:27,000
Best thing to do is spin the dial.

581
00:53:27,000 --> 00:53:30,000
And it comes up with the right B.F. Goodrich Tire,

582
00:53:30,000 --> 00:53:33,000
the lowest price tire for your driving needs.

583
00:53:33,000 --> 00:53:36,000
Music

584
00:53:36,000 --> 00:53:38,000
Straight talk.

585
00:53:38,000 --> 00:53:40,000
How about a typical American motorist?

586
00:53:40,000 --> 00:53:42,000
Ready for a little straight talk?

587
00:53:42,000 --> 00:53:46,000
Music

588
00:53:46,000 --> 00:53:48,000
B.F. Goodrich.

589
00:53:48,000 --> 00:53:50,000
The straight talk tire people.

590
00:53:50,000 --> 00:53:52,000
Music

591
00:53:52,000 --> 00:53:57,000
What if one day we do actually establish radio communication

592
00:53:57,000 --> 00:54:01,000
with some other civilization out in the cosmos?

593
00:54:01,000 --> 00:54:03,000
The possibility cannot be dismissed.

594
00:54:03,000 --> 00:54:07,000
The prospect has captured the imaginations and stirred the emotions

595
00:54:07,000 --> 00:54:10,000
of scientists and laymen alike.

596
00:54:10,000 --> 00:54:16,000
One of the stunning questions raised by the possibility of life on other planets

597
00:54:16,000 --> 00:54:19,000
in other solar systems is this.

598
00:54:19,000 --> 00:54:23,000
If proved, what will it do to theology?

599
00:54:23,000 --> 00:54:27,000
Man has been inclined to conceive of himself as cast in an earthly

600
00:54:27,000 --> 00:54:31,000
but divine image of God or gods.

601
00:54:31,000 --> 00:54:36,000
What if God supervised the beginnings of other civilizations

602
00:54:36,000 --> 00:54:38,000
on other planets first?

603
00:54:38,000 --> 00:54:44,000
Do the Martians, if any, have their equivalent of Adam and Eve?

604
00:54:44,000 --> 00:54:48,000
Did somebody else out there discover long before Darwin

605
00:54:48,000 --> 00:54:51,000
the Darwinian theory of evolution?

606
00:54:51,000 --> 00:54:56,000
These and countless other related religious questions, of course,

607
00:54:56,000 --> 00:55:01,000
must await the results of these new Christopher Columbus voyages

608
00:55:01,000 --> 00:55:05,000
of science through the solar system.

609
00:55:05,000 --> 00:55:10,000
Dr. Martin, for centuries, and really ever since man evolved on this planet,

610
00:55:10,000 --> 00:55:14,000
he thought of himself as being central, as being unique,

611
00:55:14,000 --> 00:55:19,000
as being the supreme representation of life.

612
00:55:19,000 --> 00:55:22,000
Supposing we discover that this is not the case,

613
00:55:22,000 --> 00:55:24,000
we know we're not central,

614
00:55:24,000 --> 00:55:29,000
suppose we discover we're also not really as superior as other beings elsewhere.

615
00:55:29,000 --> 00:55:33,000
When is going to be the effect of this on our concept of our place in the universe

616
00:55:33,000 --> 00:55:37,000
and of ourselves and the everyone who tries to think of himself

617
00:55:37,000 --> 00:55:43,000
as having a view of the world and seeing his place in whatever his attitudes

618
00:55:43,000 --> 00:55:47,000
will agree, I think, that above all, you have to be true.

619
00:55:47,000 --> 00:55:48,000
What's right now?

620
00:55:48,000 --> 00:55:51,000
If it turns out we have to adjust to this, certainly we can do so.

621
00:55:51,000 --> 00:55:56,000
I think in some ways we move what must be an essential loneliness of this tradition,

622
00:55:56,000 --> 00:56:00,000
of the Arabian sense of responsibility, one of the structures, not all ours.

623
00:56:00,000 --> 00:56:05,000
Is it not true that, at least in the western world,

624
00:56:05,000 --> 00:56:11,000
in the galactic community, as far as the Yoram Mountains,

625
00:56:11,000 --> 00:56:13,000
the Europe of the North America,

626
00:56:13,000 --> 00:56:20,000
there's been a lengthy tradition of saying that all that is most valuable

627
00:56:20,000 --> 00:56:25,000
and the view of life, the view of the state, the view of the individual, the view of morality,

628
00:56:25,000 --> 00:56:29,000
a great deal of that comes, of course, from our religious development.

629
00:56:29,000 --> 00:56:36,000
But an equally large, or almost equally large, contribution comes from the study of societies

630
00:56:36,000 --> 00:56:39,000
which are absolutely gone, which only never again communicate,

631
00:56:39,000 --> 00:56:42,000
the most important being the world of Greece.

632
00:56:42,000 --> 00:56:48,000
The Greek playwright, the Greek philosophers, the Greek historians and statesmen are,

633
00:56:48,000 --> 00:56:53,000
their thought and what they did is on the lips and on the pens

634
00:56:53,000 --> 00:56:55,000
of most of the most learned people in the world.

635
00:56:55,000 --> 00:56:59,000
All we have is containing about 10 or 15,000 books,

636
00:56:59,000 --> 00:57:04,000
which are a small library easily held in a good size office.

637
00:57:04,000 --> 00:57:08,000
Those are all the Greek texts about everything that we will ever have,

638
00:57:08,000 --> 00:57:12,000
and yet scholars and students have gone over and over and over those, and they're terribly valuable.

639
00:57:12,000 --> 00:57:16,000
Now we've extended that in our time because most of us are by studying other cultures

640
00:57:16,000 --> 00:57:19,000
with their rich traditions, the culture of the Orient, the culture of the Orient,

641
00:57:19,000 --> 00:57:25,000
the cultures of America, old America, the cultures of West Africa and so on,

642
00:57:25,000 --> 00:57:29,000
each of which have been contributions and give us a lot of understanding, a lot of insight.

643
00:57:29,000 --> 00:57:34,000
And I don't even make a real human culture until we have all of this said in.

644
00:57:34,000 --> 00:57:39,000
And I think on top of that, enriching it by having the story equally complex and much longer,

645
00:57:39,000 --> 00:57:44,000
but in less detail, which was the kind of thing we'd have to have from some remote society,

646
00:57:44,000 --> 00:57:51,000
could do anything but add a tremendous challenge and enrichment and satisfaction to those people.

647
00:57:51,000 --> 00:57:55,000
Indeed, I think if I put this over their place, that's the reason they would do it.

648
00:57:55,000 --> 00:57:59,000
Because then, the added to their libraries too, what our history has been,

649
00:57:59,000 --> 00:58:02,000
and that must be the only thing they can guess from science,

650
00:58:02,000 --> 00:58:07,000
the complexity of playwriting or the histories of kings or folk lore,

651
00:58:07,000 --> 00:58:10,000
you can get their general part, but the detail is too rich.

652
00:58:10,000 --> 00:58:13,000
You can easily show it mathematically. There's just too many possibilities.

653
00:58:13,000 --> 00:58:19,000
But they will also be happy to have one more library coming into their signals, and that's what I'd like to put.

654
00:58:19,000 --> 00:58:21,000
Mr. Walter Sullivan.

655
00:58:21,000 --> 00:58:28,000
What a wonderful planet is our world and how far it may be to anything else like it.

656
00:58:28,000 --> 00:58:33,000
We are reasonably believe there are other planets, less to our advantages,

657
00:58:33,000 --> 00:58:39,000
a kindly, stable, parent star, a well-placed orbit, a suitable atmosphere,

658
00:58:39,000 --> 00:58:47,000
dry continents for advanced life forms, great seas within which their primitive ancestors evolved.

659
00:58:47,000 --> 00:58:55,000
But the fragile green hue of life appears only here and there on our planet as things in space.

660
00:58:55,000 --> 00:59:05,000
Its hold is tenuous. If any great passion overcome reason, we can now render the planet uninhabitable.

661
00:59:05,000 --> 00:59:10,000
Is that the face of all technological societies?

662
00:59:10,000 --> 00:59:18,000
It is up to us on this wonderful world of ours to prove that it is not so.

663
00:59:18,000 --> 00:59:33,000
We are not alone.

664
00:59:33,000 --> 00:59:59,000
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